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Atkins, N. T., and R. M. Wakimoto, 1991: Wet microburst activity over the southeastern United States: Implications for Forecasting, Wea. Forecasting, 6, 470-482. Brooks, H.E., C.A. Doswell III, and J. Cooper: On the environments of tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 606-618. COMET, 1996: Anticipating convective storm structure and evolution. CD-ROM. Brown, J. M., K. R. Knupp and F. Caracena, 1982: Destructive winds from shallow, high-based cumulonimbi. Preprints, 12th Conf. On Severe Local Storms, San Antonio. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 272-275. Craven, J. P., H. E. Brooks, and J. A. Hart, 2002: Baseline limatology of sounding derived parameters associated with deep, moist convection, Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, AMS, 643-646. Craven, J.P., R. E. Jewell, and H. E. Brooks, 2002: Comparison between observed convective cloud base heights for two different lifted parcels. Wea. Forecasting, in press. Darkow, G.L., 1969: An analysis of over sixty tornado proximity soundings. Preprints, 7th Conf. on Severe Local Storms (Kansas City, MO), AMS, 218-221. Davies, J.M., 1993: Hourly helicity, instability and EHI in forecasting supercell tornadoes. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 107-111. Davies, J.M, 2002: On low-level thermodynamic parameters associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX , AMS , 603-606 (available at http://members.cox.net/jondavies1/LLthermo.PDF). Davies, J.M, 2004): Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells . Wea. Forecasting , 19 , 714-726. Davies-Jones, R., D. Burgess, and M. Foster, 1990: Test of helicity as a tornado forecast parameter. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Kananaskis Park, Alberta, AMS, 588-592. Doswell, C. A. III, 1985: The Operational Meteorology of Convective Weather. Vol II: Storm Scale Analysis. NOAA Tech Memo. ERL ESG-15, 240 pp. Doswell, C.A III, and E.N. Rasmussen, 1994: The effect of neglecting the virtual temperature correction on CAPE calculations. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 625-629. Edwards, R., and R. L. Thompson, 2000: RUC2 supercell proximity soundings, part II: An independent assessment of supercell forecast parameters. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, AMS, 435-438. Evans, J. S. and C. A. Doswell III, 2001: Examination of derecho environments using proximity soundings. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 329-342. Fawbush, E.J. , and R.C. Miller, 1952: A mean sounding representative of the tornadic airmass environment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 33, 303-307. ___________ , and _________ , 1954: The types of airmasses in which North American tornadoes form. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35, 154-165. Grant, B.N, 1995: Elevated cold sector severe thunderstorms: A preliminary study. Nat. Wea. Digest, 19, 25-31. Hart, J. A., and W. Korotky, 1991: The SHARP workstation user's guide. NWS/NOAA, 30 pp. Hess, S. L., 1979: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology, Robert Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, NY, 362 pp. Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1990: An examination of the relationship of 0-2 km AGL positive wind shear to potential buoyant energy in strong and violent tornado situations. 16th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Kananaskis Park, Alberta, 593-598. ______ , _______ , and ________, 1993: Some Wind and Instability Parameters Associated with Strong and Violent Tornadoes. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophysical Monograph 79, American Geophysical Union, 583-590. Johns, Robert H., Charles A. Doswell III, 1992: Severe Local Storms Forecasting. Wea. Forecasting: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 588––612. Kerr, B. W., and G. L. Darkow, 1996: Storm-relative winds and helicity in tornadic thunderstorm environments. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 489-505. Maddox, R.A., 1973: An Evaluation of tornado proximity wind and stability data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 133-142. Markowski, P.M., J.M. Straka, and E.N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721. Markowski, P. M., C. Hannon, J. Frame, E. Lancaster, A. Pietrycha, R. Edwards, and R. Thompson, 2002: Characteristics of RUC Vertical Wind Profiles near Supercells. 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, 599-602. McCaul, E. W. Jr., and M. L. Weisman, 2001: The sensitivity of simulated supercell structure and intensity to variations in the shapes of environmental buoyancy and shear profiles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 664-687. Operational Support Facility/Operations Training Branch/NWS/NOAA, 1991: Basic Convection - I: A Review of Atmospheric Thermodynamics, 74 pp. Operational Support Facility/Operations Training Branch/NWS/NOAA, 1993: Thunderstorm Structure and Evolution : Part I, 83 pp. Rasmussen, E.N., 2002: Refined supercell and tornado forecast parameters. (accepted in Wea. and Forecasting). Text available at http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/~erik/www/SSR/index.htm. ______, and D. O. Blanchard, 1998: A Baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Wea. and Forecasting, 13, 1148-1164. RTM-230, 2000: Skew T Log P Diagram and Sounding Analysis, National Weather Service Training Center Remote Training Module. Stensrud, D. J., J. V. Cortinas Jr., and H. E. Brooks, 1997: Discriminating between tornadic and nontornadic thunderstorms using mesoscale model output. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 613-632. Thompson, R.L., 1998: Eta model storm-relative winds associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 125-137. Thompson, R. L., R. Edwards, and J. A. Hart, 2002: An assessment of supercell and tornado forecast parameters with RUC-2 model close proximity soundings. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, AMS, 595-598. _______, and ________, and C. Mead, 2004: An Update to the Supercell Composite and Significant Tornado Parameters, Preprints, 22nd Conf. of Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA. Weisman, M. L. , and J.B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520. _______ , and _________ , 1984: The structure and classification of numerically simulated convective storms in directionally varying wind shears. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2479-2498. ________ , and R. Rotunno, 1999: The Use of Vertical Wind Shear versus Helicity in Interpreting Supercell Dynamics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 1452–1472. Wills, T.G., 1969: Characteristics of the tornado environment as deduced from tornado priximity soundings. Preprints, 6th Conf. on Severe Local Storms (Chicago, IL), AMS, Boston, 222-228. |
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